Albert Science International Organization

ARTICLE DESCRIPTION: 

Dr. Abdul Kader Mohiuddin, LIFESTYLE ISSUES AND PREVENTION OF RECURRENT UTIS, ASIO Journal of Medical & Health Sciences Research (ASIO-JMHSR), 2019, 3(1): 40-45.

Doi: 10.2016-74831794; DOI Link :: http://doi-ds.org/doilink/10.2019-51325279

ABSTRACT:

UTI is one of the most prevalent diseases with diverse etiological agents annually affecting 250 million and causes death of 150 million people worldwide [1,2].Adult women are 30 times more likely than men to develop a UTI [3].Although the estimated mortality rate is generally lower than with RTIs, it may rise up to 26% if complicated with bacteremia or septic shock [4]. Financial burden of UTIs exceeds $3.5 billion in US alone [5] whereas more than 50% of the antibiotics prescribed for a suspected UTI in older adults being considered unnecessary [6]. More interestingly, nosocomial UTIs account for nearly 40% of all hospital acquired infections [7] and around 50% of UTI in children are missed [8]. Recurrent UTIs (RUTIs) are mostly caused by frequent sexual intercourse, heterosexual lack of circumcision receptive anal   intercourse (without a condom), multiple sexual partners (each sex partner shares his/her UGT microbiota with the other), use of spermicide and a new sexual partner, sexual intercourse with addicted partners, sexual intercourse with sex workers, sexual intercourse with online dating friends, sexual intercourse with a new sex partner within less than 2 months[9-20].Traditional lifestyle factors such as fluid intake and diet are not considered independent risk factors now [15].UTIs account for nearly 25% of all infections [16].Sexual intercourse ≥3 times/week was associated with greater frequency of UTI [21]. Close proximity of the urethral meatus to the anus and shorter urethra, is a likely factor [22-26].Many other factors have been thought to predispose women to RUTIs, such as voiding patterns pre- and post-coitus, wiping technique, wearing tight undergarments, deferred voiding habits and vaginal douching; nevertheless, there has been no proven association [16]. Although, genital hygiene practices such as frequency of coitus, urinating after coitus, washing genitals precoitus, male partner washing genitals precoitus, washing genitals postcoitus, taking baths, frequent replacing of underwear, and washing genitals from front to back were associated with a reduced frequency of UTIs [21]. Low socioeconomic status, depression, anxiety, inadequate water intake, low educational status, anemia, catheterization, poor personal hygiene, poor access to condoms and other contraceptive devices, spermicide-coated condoms, poor access to qualified healthcare systems, high rate of family disruption, mental disorders are also risk factors [14], [28-45].Catheter-associated-UTIsare common in more than 80% of all ICU patients with indwelling catheter(more than 1 million such cases found in US) [46,47]and should be avoided unless there is medically necessity [48]. Dietary habits seem to be an important risk factor for UTI recurrence dietary guidance could be a first step toward prevention[42,43], [46-57].After anemia, UTIs are the second common complications in pregnant women [58]. The overall prevalence of bacteriuria in pregnant women was reported to be as high as 40% [2], [59-66] and up to up to 70% of pregnant women develop glycosuria which encourages bacterial growth in the urine [21].Preventative measures such as drinking cranberry juice (urinary alkalization), OTC cystitis relief remedies or following certain hygiene behaviors, like wiping the genitals from front to back etc., were some of the measures that was suggested in different studies [5],[15,16], [21], [67-74] and also opposed/proven not much effective by other studies [75,76]. However, UTI prevention is necessary as renal scarring [77], low birth weight, neonatal UTI, premature labor, preterm birth, hypertension, preeclampsia, septic shock, malformation or stillbirth, anorectal malformationand increased incidence of perinatal death are reported in several studies[2], [21],[58], [60,61], [78-96]. Circumcision, glycemic control in diabetes, avoiding spicy food, certain dairy products, sweet fizzy drinks, alcohol found helpful in individuals susceptible to UTIs [97-102].

Google citation                                Related articles

1. Mama, M., Manilal, A., Gezmu, T., Kidanewold, A., Gosa, F., &Gebresilasie, A. (2018). Prevalence and associated factors of urinary tract infections among diabetic patients in Arba Minch Hospital, Arba Minch province, South Ethiopia. Turkish journal of urology, 45(1), 56–62. doi:10.5152/tud.2018.32855
2. Azami, M., Jaafari, Z., Masoumi, M., Shohani, M., Badfar, G., Mahmudi, L., &Abbasalizadeh, S. (2019). The etiology and prevalence of urinary tract infection and asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women in Iran: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. BMC urology, 19(1), 43. doi:10.1186/s12894-019-0454-8
3. Brush JL (2018). What is the prevalence of urinary tract infection (UTI) in males? Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) in Males Q&A (Medscape, July 19).
4. Shih, W. Y., Chang, C. C., Tsou, M. T., Chan, H. L., Chen, Y. J., & Hwang, L. C. (2019). Incidence and Risk Factors for Urinary Tract Infection in an Elder Home Care Population in Taiwan: A Retrospective Cohort Study. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(4), 566. doi:10.3390/ijerph16040566
5. Liska, D. J., Kern, H. J., & Maki, K. C. (2016). Cranberries and Urinary Tract Infections: How Can the Same Evidence Lead to Conflicting Advice?. Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), 7(3), 498–506. doi:10.3945/an.115.011197
6. Gharbi, M., Drysdale, J. H., Lishman, H., Goudie, R., Molokhia, M., Johnson, A. P., … Aylin, P. (2019). Antibiotic management of urinary tract infection in elderly patients in primary care and its association with bloodstream infections and all cause mortality: population based cohort study. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 364, l525. doi:10.1136/bmj.l525
7. Milovanovic, T., Dumic, I., Veli?kovic, J., Lalosevic, M. S., Nikolic, V., &Palibrk, I. (2019). Epidemiology and risk factors for multi-drug resistant hospital-acquired urinary tract infection in patients with liver cirrhosis: single center experience in Serbia. BMC infectious diseases, 19(1), 141. doi:10.1186/s12879-019-3761-5
8. Shrestha, L. B., Baral, R., Poudel, P., &Khanal, B. (2019). Clinical, etiological and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of pediatric urinary tract infections in a tertiary care hospital of Nepal. BMC pediatrics, 19(1), 36. doi:10.1186/s12887-019-1410-1
9. Abdul Kader Mohiuddin (2019).  Alternative Management of Uncomplicated UTIs In Women.  J UrolNeph St; 2(2) JUNS. MS.ID.000133. DOI: 10.32474/JUNS.2019.02.000133.
10. Vasilenko, S. A., Rice, C. E., & Rosenberger, J. G. (2018). Patterns of Sexual Behavior and Sexually Transmitted Infections in Young Men Who Have Sex With Men. Sexually transmitted diseases, 45(6), 387–393. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000767
11. Owen, B. N., Elmes, J., Silhol, R., Dang, Q., McGowan, I., Shacklett, B., … Boily, M. C. (2017). How common and frequent is heterosexual anal intercourse among South Africans? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 19(1), 21162. doi:10.7448/IAS.20.1.21162
12. Budkaew, J., Chumworathayi, B., Pientong, C., &Ekalaksananan, T. (2019). Prevalence and factors associated with gonorrhea infection with respect to anatomic distributions among men who have sex with men. PloS one, 14(4), e0211682. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0211682
13. D?Anna LH, Warner L, Margolis AD, Korosteleva OA, O?Donnell L, RietmeijerCA,  Klausner JD, Malotte CK (2015). Safe in the City Study Group. Consistency of Condom Use  During Receptive Anal Intercourse Among Women and Men Who Have Sex With Men: Findings From the Safe in the City Behavioral Study. Sex Transm Dis ;42(7):393-9. doi: 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000306.
14. Behzadi, P., Behzadi, E., & Pawlak-Adamska, E. A. (2019). Urinary tract infections (UTIs) or genital tract infections (GTIs)? It's the diagnostics that count. GMS hygiene and infection control, 14, Doc14. doi:10.3205/dgkh000320
15. Jhang, J. F., &Kuo, H. C. (2017). Recent advances in recurrent urinary tract infection from pathogenesis and biomarkers to prevention. Ci ji yixue za zhi = Tzu-chi medical journal, 29(3), 131–137. doi:10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_53_17
16. Al-Badr, A., & Al-Shaikh, G. (2013). Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections Management in Women: A review. Sultan Qaboos University medical journal, 13(3), 359–367.
17. Boeri, L., Capogrosso, P., Ventimiglia, E., Scano, R., Graziottin, A., Dehò, F., … Salonia, A. (2017). Six Out of Ten Women with Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections Complain of Distressful Sexual Dysfunction - A Case-Control Study. Scientific reports, 7, 44380. doi:10.1038/srep44380
18. Storme, O., Tirán Saucedo, J., Garcia-Mora, A., Dehesa-Dávila, M., &Naber, K. G. (2019). Risk factors and predisposing conditions for urinary tract infection. Therapeutic advances in urology, 11, 1756287218814382. doi:10.1177/1756287218814382
19. Maharjan, G., Khadka, P., Siddhi Shilpakar, G., Chapagain, G., &Dhungana, G. R. (2018). Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection and Obstinate Biofilm Producers. The Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologiemedicale, 2018, 7624857. doi:10.1155/2018/7624857
20. Sutcliffe, S., Jemielita, T., Lai, H. H., Andriole, G. L., Bradley, C. S., Clemens, J. Q., … MAPP Research Network (2018). A Case-Crossover Study of Urological Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome Flare Triggers in the MAPP Research Network. The Journal of urology, 199(5), 1245–1251. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2017.12.050
21. Badran, Y. A., El-Kashef, T. A., Abdelaziz, A. S., & Ali, M. M. (2015). Impact of genital hygiene and sexual activity on urinary tract infection during pregnancy. Urology annals, 7(4), 478–481. doi:10.4103/0974-7796.157971 (Retraction published Urol Ann. 2019 Jul-Sep;11(3):338)
22. Oladeinde, B. H., Omoregie, R., Olley, M., &Anunibe, J. A. (2011). Urinary tract infection in a rural community of Nigeria. North American journal of medical sciences, 3(2), 75–77. doi:10.4297/najms.2011.375
23. Najar, M. S., Saldanha, C. L., &Banday, K. A. (2009). Approach to urinary tract infections. Indian journal of nephrology, 19(4), 129–139. doi:10.4103/0971-4065.59333
24. Hickling, D. R., Sun, T. T., & Wu, X. R. (2015). Anatomy and Physiology of the Urinary Tract: Relation to Host Defense and Microbial Infection. Microbiology spectrum, 3(4), 10.1128/microbiolspec.UTI-0016-2012. doi:10.1128/microbiolspec.UTI-0016-2012
25. Sumati, A. H., & Saritha, N. K. (2009). Association of urinary tract infection in women with bacterial vaginosis. Journal of global infectious diseases, 1(2), 151–152. doi:10.4103/0974-777X.56254
26. Minardi, D., d'Anzeo, G., Cantoro, D., Conti, A., &Muzzonigro, G. (2011). Urinary tract infections in women: etiology and treatment options. International journal of general medicine, 4, 333–343. doi:10.2147/IJGM.S11767
27. Pete, P., Biguioh, R. M., Izacar, A., Adogaye, S., &Nguemo, C. (2019). Genital hygiene behaviors and practices: A cross-sectional descriptive study among antenatal care attendees. Journal of public health in Africa, 10(1), 746. doi:10.4081/jphia.2019.746
28. August, S. L., & De Rosa, M. J. (2012). Evaluation of the prevalence of urinary tract infection in rural Panamanian women. PloS one, 7(10), e47752. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047752
29. Renard, J., Ballarini, S., Mascarenhas, T., Zahran, M., Quimper, E., Choucair, J., & Iselin, C. E. (2014). Recurrent Lower Urinary Tract Infections Have a Detrimental Effect on Patient Quality of Life: a Prospective, Observational Study. Infectious diseases and therapy, 4(1), 125–135. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s40121-014-0054-6
30. Medina, M., & Castillo-Pino, E. (2019). An introduction to the epidemiology and burden of urinary tract infections. Therapeutic advances in urology, 11, 1756287219832172. doi:10.1177/1756287219832172
31. Martin, S., Vincent, A., Taylor, A. W., Atlantis, E., Jenkins, A., Januszewski, A., … Wittert, G. (2015). Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms, Depression, Anxiety and Systemic Inflammatory Factors in Men: A Population-Based Cohort Study. PloS one, 10(10), e0137903. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137903
32. Sanford MT, Rodriguez LV (2017). The role of environmental stress on lower urinary tract symptoms. CurrOpin Urol;27(3):268-273. doi: 10.1097/MOU.0000000000000379.
33. Emiru, T., Beyene, G., Tsegaye, W., &Melaku, S. (2013). Associated risk factors of urinary tract infection among pregnant women at FelegeHiwot Referral Hospital, Bahir Dar, North West Ethiopia. BMC research notes, 6, 292. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-6-292
34. Kabugo, D., Kizito, S., Ashok, D. D., Graham, K. A., Nabimba, R., Namunana, S., … Najjuka, F. C. (2016). Factors associated with community-acquired urinary tract infections among adults attending assessment centre, Mulago Hospital Uganda. African health sciences, 16(4), 1131–1142. doi:10.4314/ahs.v16i4.31
35. Tewary, K., &Narchi, H. (2015). Recurrent urinary tract infections in children: Preventive interventions other than prophylactic antibiotics. World journal of methodology, 5(2), 13–19. doi:10.5662/wjm.v5.i2.13
36. Derese, B., Kedir, H., Teklemariam, Z., Weldegebreal, F., & Balakrishnan, S. (2016). Bacterial profile of urinary tract infection and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among pregnant women attending at Antenatal Clinic in DilChora Referral Hospital, Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia. Therapeutics and clinical risk management, 12, 251–260. doi:10.2147/TCRM.S99831
37. Fihn SD, Boyko EJ, Chen CL, Normand EH, Yarbro P, Scholes D (1998). Use of spermicide-coated condoms and other risk factors for urinary tract infection caused by Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Arch Intern Med;158(3):281-7. PubMed PMID: 9472209.
38. Dienye, P. O., &Gbeneol, P. K. (2011). Contraception as a risk factor for urinary tract infection in Port Harcourt, Nigeria: A case control study. African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine, 3(1), 207. doi:10.4102/phcfm.v3i1.207
39. Sen A. (2008). Recurrent cystitis in non-pregnant women. BMJ clinical evidence, 2008, 0801.
40. Schmiemann, G., Kniehl, E., Gebhardt, K., Matejczyk, M. M., & Hummers-Pradier, E. (2010). The diagnosis of urinary tract infection: a systematic review. DeutschesArzteblatt international, 107(21), 361–367. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2010.0361
41. Scholes, D., Hooton, T. M., Roberts, P. L., Gupta, K., Stapleton, A. E., &Stamm, W. E. (2005). Risk factors associated with acute pyelonephritis in healthy women. Annals of internal medicine, 142(1), 20–27. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-142-1-200501040-00008
42. Vyas, S., Sharma, P., Srivastava, K., Nautiyal, V., &Shrotriya, V. P. (2015). Role of Behavioural Risk Factors in Symptoms Related to UTI Among Nursing Students. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research : JCDR, 9(9), LC15–LC18. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2015/10995.6547
43. Mishra, B., Srivastava, R., Agarwal, J., Srivastava, S., & Pandey, A. (2016). Behavioral and Psychosocial Risk Factors Associated with First and Recurrent Cystitis in Indian Women: A Case-control Study. Indian journal of community medicine : official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine, 41(1), 27–33. doi:10.4103/0970-0218.170962
44. Das, P., Baker, K. K., Dutta, A., Swain, T., Sahoo, S., Das, B. S., … Torondel, B. (2015). Menstrual Hygiene Practices, WASH Access and the Risk of Urogenital Infection in Women from Odisha, India. PloS one, 10(6), e0130777. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130777
45. Haque, M., Sartelli, M., McKimm, J., & Abu Bakar, M. (2018). Health care-associated infections - an overview. Infection and drug resistance, 11, 2321–2333. doi:10.2147/IDR.S177247
46. Assadi F. (2018). Strategies for Preventing Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infections. International journal of preventive medicine, 9, 50. doi:10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_299_17
47. Karishetti MS, Shaik HB (2019). Clinicomicrobial assessment of urinary tract infections in a tertiary care hospital. Indian J Health Sci Biomed Res; 12:69-74.
48. Saint S, Greene MT, Krein SL, Rogers MA, Ratz D, Fowler KE, Edson BS, Watson SR, Meyer-Lucas B, Masuga M, Faulkner K, Gould CV, Battles J, Fakih MG (2016). A Program to Prevent Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection in Acute Care. N Engl J Med;374(22):2111-9. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1504906. PubMed PMID: 27248619.
49. TeroKontiokari, JaanaLaitinen, LeeaJärvi, Tytti Pokka, Kaj Sundqvist, Matti Uhari (2003). Dietary factors protecting women from urinary tract infection, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Volume 77, Issue 3, Pages 600–604, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/77.3.600
50. Foxman, B., &Frerichs, R. R. (1985). Epidemiology of urinary tract infection: II. Diet, clothing, and urination habits. American journal of public health, 75(11), 1314–1317. doi:10.2105/ajph.75.11.1314
51. Nordstrom, L., Liu, C. M., & Price, L. B. (2013). Foodborne urinary tract infections: a new paradigm for antimicrobial-resistant foodborne illness. Frontiers in microbiology, 4, 29. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2013.00029
52. Manges AR, Smith SP, Lau BJ, Nuval CJ, Eisenberg JN, Dietrich PS, Riley LW. Retail meat consumption and the acquisition of antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli causing urinary tract infections: a case-control study. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2007 Winter;4(4):419-31. PubMed PMID: 18041952.
53. Kontiokari T, Laitinen J, Järvi L, Pokka T, Sundqvist K, Uhari M (2003). Dietary factors protecting women from urinary tract infection. Am J Clin Nutr;77(3):600-4. PubMed PMID: 12600849.
54. Singer R. S. (2015). Urinary tract infections attributed to diverse ExPEC strains in food animals: evidence and data gaps. Frontiers in microbiology, 6, 28. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00028
55. Søraas, A., Sundsfjord, A., Sandven, I., Brunborg, C., &Jenum, P. A. (2013). Risk factors for community-acquired urinary tract infections caused by ESBL-producing enterobacteriaceae--a case-control study in a low prevalence country. PloS one, 8(7), e69581. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069581
56. Kalas V, Hibbing ME, Maddirala AR, Chugani R, Pinkner JS, Mydock-McGrane LK, Conover MS, Janetka JW, Hultgren SJ (2018). Structure-based discovery of glycomimetic FmlH ligands as inhibitors of bacterial adhesion during urinary tract infection.  Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A;115(12):E2819-E2828. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1720140115.
57. Gessese, Y. A., Damessa, D. L., Amare, M. M., Bahta, Y. H., Shifera, A. D., Tasew, F. S., & Gebremedhin, E. Z. (2017). Urinary pathogenic bacterial profile, antibiogram of isolates and associated risk factors among pregnant women in Ambo town, Central Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. Antimicrobial resistance and infection control, 6, 132. doi:10.1186/s13756-017-0289-6
58. Amiri, M., Lavasani, Z., Norouzirad, R., Najibpour, R., Mohamadpour, M., Nikpoor, A. R., … ZareMarzouni, H. (2015). Prevalence of Urinary Tract Infection Among Pregnant Women and its Complications in Their Newborns During the Birth in the Hospitals of Dezful City, Iran, 2012 - 2013. Iranian Red Crescent medical journal, 17(8), e26946. doi:10.5812/ircmj.26946
59. Szweda H, Jó?wik M. Urinary tract infections during pregnancy - an updated overview. Dev Period Med. 2016;20(4):263-272. Review. PubMed PMID: 28216479.
60. Matuszkiewicz-Rowi?ska, J., Ma?yszko, J., &Wieliczko, M. (2015). Urinary tract infections in pregnancy: old and new unresolved diagnostic and therapeutic problems. Archives of medical science : AMS, 11(1), 67–77. doi:10.5114/aoms.2013.39202
61. Kalinderi K, Delkos D, Kalinderis M, Athanasiadis A, Kalogiannidis I. Urinary  tract infection during pregnancy: current concepts on a common multifaceted problem. J ObstetGynaecol. 2018 May;38(4):448-453. doi: 10.1080/01443615.2017.1370579. Epub 2018 Feb 6. Review. PubMed PMID: 29402148.
62. Yan, L., Jin, Y., Hang, H., & Yan, B. (2018). The association between urinary tract infection during pregnancy and preeclampsia: A meta-analysis. Medicine, 97(36), e12192. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000012192
63. Ghouri, F., Hollywood, A., & Ryan, K. (2018). A systematic review of non-antibiotic measures for the prevention of urinary tract infections in pregnancy. BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 18(1), 99. doi:10.1186/s12884-018-1732-2
64. Ailes, E. C., Summers, A. D., Tran, E. L., Gilboa, S. M., Arnold, K. E., Meaney-Delman, D., &Reefhuis, J. (2018). Antibiotics Dispensed to Privately Insured Pregnant Women with Urinary Tract Infections - United States, 2014. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 67(1), 18–22. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6701a4
65. Hamdan, H. Z., Ziad, A. H., Ali, S. K., & Adam, I. (2011). Epidemiology of urinary tract infections and antibiotics sensitivity among pregnant women at Khartoum North Hospital. Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials, 10, 2. doi:10.1186/1476-0711-10-2
66. Angelescu, K., Nussbaumer-Streit, B., Sieben, W., Scheibler, F., &Gartlehner, G. (2016). Benefits and harms of screening for and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy: a systematic review. BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 16(1), 336. doi:10.1186/s12884-016-1128-0
67. Ghouri, F., Hollywood, A., & Ryan, K. (2019). Urinary tract infections and antibiotic use in pregnancy - qualitative analysis of online forum content. BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 19(1), 289. doi:10.1186/s12884-019-2451-z
68. Jepson RG, Williams G, Craig JC (2012). Cranberries for preventing urinary tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev;10:CD001321. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001321.pub5. Review. PubMed PMID: 23076891.
69. Heitmann, K., Nordeng, H., & Holst, L. (2013). Pregnancy outcome after use of cranberry in pregnancy--the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 13, 345. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-13-345
70. Allan, G. M., & Nicolle, L. (2013). Cranberry for preventing urinary tract infection. Canadian family physician Medecin de famillecanadien, 59(4), 367.
71. Hisano, M., Bruschini, H., Nicodemo, A. C., &Srougi, M. (2012). Cranberries and lower urinary tract infection prevention. Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil), 67(6), 661–668. doi:10.6061/clinics/2012(06)18
72. Asma, B., Vicky, L., Stephanie, D., Yves, D., Amy, H., & Sylvie, D. (2018). Standardised high dose versus low dose cranberry Proanthocyanidin extracts for the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection in healthy women [PACCANN]: a double blind randomised controlled trial protocol. BMC urology, 18(1), 29. doi:10.1186/s12894-018-0342-7
73. Beerepoot, M., &Geerlings, S. (2016). Non-Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Urinary Tract Infections. Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 5(2), 36. doi:10.3390/pathogens5020036
74. Hickling, D. R., & Nitti, V. W. (2013). Management of recurrent urinary tract infections in healthy adult women. Reviews in urology, 15(2), 41–48.
75. Abbo, L. M., & Hooton, T. M. (2014). Antimicrobial Stewardship and Urinary Tract Infections. Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland), 3(2), 174–192. doi:10.3390/antibiotics3020174
76. Barbosa-Cesnik, C., Brown, M. B., Buxton, M., Zhang, L., DeBusscher, J., & Foxman, B. (2011). Cranberry juice fails to prevent recurrent urinary tract infection: results from a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 52(1), 23–30. doi:10.1093/cid/ciq073
77. Wang HH, Kurtz M, Logvinenko T, Nelson C (2019). Why Does Prevention of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection not Result in Less Renal Scarring? A Deeper Dive into the RIVUR Trial. J Urol. 2019 Aug;202(2):400-405. doi: 10.1097/JU.0000000000000292.
78. Wingert, A., Pillay, J., Sebastianski, M., Gates, M., Featherstone, R., Shave, K., … Hartling, L. (2019). Asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy: systematic reviews of screening and treatment effectiveness and patient preferences. BMJ open, 9(3), e021347. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021347
79. Khalesi, N., Khosravi, N., Jalali, A., &Amini, L. (2014). Evaluation of maternal urinary tract infection as a potential risk factor for neonatal urinary tract infection. Journal of family & reproductive health, 8(2), 59–62.
80. Eliakim A, Dolfin T, Korzets Z, Wolach B, Pomeranz A 91997). Urinary tract infection in premature infants: the role of imaging studies and prophylactic therapy. J Perinatol;17(4):305-8.
81. Gilbert, N. M., O'Brien, V. P., Hultgren, S., Macones, G., Lewis, W. G., & Lewis, A. L. (2013). Urinary tract infection as a preventable cause of pregnancy complications: opportunities, challenges, and a global call to action. Global advances in health and medicine, 2(5), 59–69. doi:10.7453/gahmj.2013.061
82. Kaul, A. K., Khan, S., Martens, M. G., Crosson, J. T., Lupo, V. R., & Kaul, R. (1999). Experimental gestational pyelonephritis induces preterm births and low birth weights in C3H/HeJ mice. Infection and immunity, 67(11), 5958–5966.
83. Jain, V., Das, V., Agarwal, A., & Pandey, A. (2013). Asymptomatic bacteriuria & obstetric outcome following treatment in early versus late pregnancy in north Indian women. The Indian journal of medical research, 137(4), 753–758.
84. Dimetry SR, El-Tokhy HM, Abdo NM, Ebrahim MA, Eissa M (2007). Urinary tract infection and adverse outcome of pregnancy. J Egypt Public Health Assoc;82(3-4):203-18.
85. Mohseny, A. B., van Velze, V., Steggerda, S. J., Smits-Wintjens, V., Bekker, V., &Lopriore, E. (2018). Late-onset sepsis due to urinary tract infection in very preterm neonates is not uncommon. European journal of pediatrics, 177(1), 33–38. doi:10.1007/s00431-017-3030-9
86. Leviton, A., Allred, E. N., Kuban, K. C., O'Shea, T. M., Paneth, N., Onderdonk, A. B., … ELGAN Study Investigators (2016). The Development of Extremely Preterm Infants Born to Women Who Had Genitourinary Infections During Pregnancy. American journal of epidemiology, 183(1), 28–35. doi:10.1093/aje/kwv129
87. Bauer S, Eliakim A, Pomeranz A, Regev R, Litmanovits I, Arnon S, Huri H, Dolfin T (2003). Urinary tract infection in very low birth weight preterm infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J;22(5):426-30.
88. Verma, I., Avasthi, K., & Berry, V. (2014). Urogenital infections as a risk factor for preterm labor: a hospital-based case-control study. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology of India, 64(4), 274–278. doi:10.1007/s13224-014-0523-6
89. Hosny AEMS, El-Khayat W, Kashef MT, Fakhry MN (2017). Association between preterm labor and genitourinary tract infections caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis, Gram-negative bacilli, and coryneforms. J Chin Med Assoc;80(9):575-581. doi: 10.1016/j.jcma.2016.10.007.
90. Kaduma, J., Seni, J., Chuma, C., Kirita, R., Mujuni, F., Mushi, M. F., … Mshana, S. E. (2019). Urinary Tract Infections and Preeclampsia among Pregnant Women Attending Two Hospitals in Mwanza City, Tanzania: A 1:2 Matched Case-Control Study. BioMed research international, 2019, 3937812. doi:10.1155/2019/3937812
91. Easter SR, Cantonwine DE, Zera CA, Lim KH, Parry SI, McElrath TF (2016). Urinary tract infection during pregnancy, angiogenic factor profiles, and risk of preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol;214(3):387.e1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.09.101.
92. Karmon A, Sheiner E (2008). The relationship between urinary tract infection during pregnancy and preeclampsia: causal, confounded or spurious? Arch Gynecol Obstet;277(6):479-81. doi: 10.1007/s00404-008-0643-2. PubMed PMID: 18386029.
93. Edefonti A, Tel F, Testa S, De Palma D (2014). Febrile urinary tract infections: clinical and laboratory diagnosis, imaging, and prognosis. SeminNucl Med;44(2):123-8. doi: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2013.10.004. Review. PubMed PMID: 24484749.
94. Vachvanichsanong P (2007). Urinary tract infection: one lingering effect of childhood kidney diseases--review of the literature. J Nephrol;20(1):21-8. Review. PubMed PMID: 17347969.
95. Bánhidy F, Acs N, Puhó EH, Czeizel AE (2006). Maternal urinary tract infection and related drug treatments during pregnancy and risk of congenital abnormalities in the offspring. BJOG;113(12):1465-71. PubMed PMID: 17083651.
96. Sanchez S, Ricca R, Joyner B, Waldhausen JH (2014). Vesicoureteral reflux and febrile urinary tract infections in anorectal malformations: a retrospective review. J Pediatr Surg;49(1):91-4; discussion 94. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2013.09.031.
97. Eisenberg, M. L., Galusha, D., Kennedy, W. A., & Cullen, M. R. (2018). The Relationship between Neonatal Circumcision, Urinary Tract Infection, and Health. The world journal of men's health, 36(3), 176–182. doi:10.5534/wjmh.180006
98. Odoki, M., AlmustaphaAliero, A., Tibyangye, J., NyabayoManiga, J., Wampande, E., Drago Kato, C., … Bazira, J. (2019). Prevalence of Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections and Associated Factors among Patients Attending Hospitals in Bushenyi District, Uganda. International journal of microbiology, 2019, 4246780. doi:10.1155/2019/4246780
99. Nitzan, O., Elias, M., Chazan, B., &Saliba, W. (2015). Urinary tract infections in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: review of prevalence, diagnosis, and management. Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity: targets and therapy, 8, 129–136. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S51792
100. Bharti, A., Chawla, S., Kumar, S., Kaur, S., Soin, D., Jindal, N., & Garg, R. (2019). Asymptomatic bacteriuria among the patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of family medicine and primary care, 8(2), 539–543. doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_403_18
101. Flower, A., Bishop, F. L., &Lewith, G. (2014). How women manage recurrent urinary tract infections: an analysis of postings on a popular web forum. BMC family practice, 15, 162. doi:10.1186/1471-2296-15-162
102. Oaklander M (2015). Your Diet May Be Causing Your Urinary Tract Infections. Time Magazine, June 30.